The term "spam", in the context of what you see in your search 
results, refers to any unethical practice used to improve a page's 
ranking in search engine results. Exactly what is considered spam by 
search engines?
How search engines see it
- Google
defines spam as "trying to deceive our web crawler by means of hidden 
text, deceptive cloaking or doorway pages." You can report sites you 
suspect of spam at Google's Report A Spam Result page. 
- Yahoo
defines spam as "pages (that) are created deliberately to trick the 
search engine into offering inappropriate, redundant or poor-quality 
search results." They have a pretty extensive list of what techniques 
they consider spam at their Yahoo Search Technology Content Quality Guidelines page. 
- Bing
gives a few spamming techniques "discouraged" by their webmaster 
guidelines; among them are keyword stuffing, invisible text, or false 
links. 
- Ask 
defines spam as "the practice of purposely deceiving a search engine 
into returning a result that is unrelated to a user’s query, or that is 
ranked artificially high in the result set." They give quite a few 
examples of search engine spam.
 
While not an exhaustive list of search engines, this should give you a good idea of what is considered spam by search engines.